ABSTRACT
Cataract is a major cause of decreased vision in elderly aged population. In rural areas till last decade small incision cataract surgery with IOL implantation is the only surgical option for treating cataracts. In recent past after introduction of the phacoemulsification with foldable IOL implantation is becoming popular surgical technique in urban areas. In our study conducted at rural eye center, phacoemulsification with IOL is gaining popularity over SICS with IOL. This shows increased awareness among the rural population towards minimal invasive surgery and latest surgical techniques regarding better recovery procedures.
ABSTRACT
Background: Dry eyes are common occurrence in rural population affecting both male and female above 40 years, especially those involved in agriculture related occupation. Pathophysiology of dry eyes is either due to increased evaporation or decreased tear production dry weather, dust, exposure to toxic substances, nutritional disorders, improper personal hygiene are contributing factors. Symptoms are foreign body sensation, blurring of vision, burning sensation, intolerance to wind beside easy fatigability of eyes. Aim: Aim was to design effective treatment protocol for treating poor patients from rural areas with dry eye disease (DED). Materials and methods: Total 92 patients 49 males and 43 females were followed up to 1 year with initially two visits at 15 days interval, thereafter at 3 months interval. Patients were instructed to report back in case of worsening of symptoms. Results: 78 were comfortable and symptoms are improved. 6 patients there was not much improvement in signs and symptoms. In three patients symptoms worsened with medication and these 9 patients were referred to higher centers for further treatment. 5 patients were lost to follow up. Ravi Sekhar Rao K., G. Sreenivas, Dr. N. Krishna, Vasantha. Effective Treatment Protocol for Dry Eye Disease in Rural Population (Nizamabad District, Telangana State). IAIM, 2016; 3(12): 95-98. Page 96 Conclusion: Level I and II DED in rural population is best treated with hydroxyl methyl cellulose eye drops 4 times were more depending on symptoms along with anti-inflammatory agents initially for two weeks, offers good relief from symptoms and improved compliance. Patients were symptoms free for about one year with medication.
ABSTRACT
Background: Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) are the most common hospital acquired infections and a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients with various life threatening complications. Hence, this study was aimed to determine the incidence, risk factors of CAUTI in a tertiary care hospital so as to find out better preventive measures to reduce the prevalence of CAUTI and their complications so as to reduce the hospital stay and mortality. Materials and methods: Present study included 200 adult patients who received indwelling urethral foley’s catheter and urinary drainage system in various wards in Government General Hospital, Nizamabad from Jan 2015 - May 2016. Patients were diagnosed to have CAUTI according to CDC guidelines to study its incidence and associated risk factors which were analyzed using multi variate analysis. Results: Overall incidence of CAUTI was 59%. The incidence of CAUTI was maximum (70.58%) in the age group of 51-70 years. The incidence of CAUTI was more (69.44%) in females and was directly proportional to the duration of catheterization. The high incidence in the present study reflects the practice of frequent disconnections of urinary closed systems. Multi-variate analysis shows age, duration of catheterization, catheter- tubing disconnections, absence of antibiotic use and renal Md. Yousuf Khan, C. Venkateshwarlu, G. Sreenivas, P. Rahul. Study of incidence and risk factors of urinary tract infection in catheterized patients admitted at tertiary care hospital, Nizamabad, Telangana State, India. IAIM, 2016; 3(8): 83-92. Page 84 insufficiencies as important risk factors for CAUTI. 88.66% of CAUTIs were asymptomatic among 75 clinically evaluable CAUTIs. Conclusion: CAUTI is an important preventable hospital acquired infection seen in all age groups however incidence increases with age, common in both sexes, incidence can be reduced by minimizing the catheter procedures, taking the maximum aseptic precautions, reducing the duration of catheterization and avoiding frequent disconnections, this becomes more significant in patients with underlying renal disease , prophylactic antibiotics prevent CAUTI. As most of the CAUTI are asymptomatic, all catheterized patients should be screened for CAUTI and be treated depending upon antibiotic sensitivity of uropathogens.
ABSTRACT
Leishmaniasis causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide and is an important public health problem. Even though it is endemic in developing countries in tropical regions of the world,in recent years economic globalization and increased travel has extended its reach to people in developed countries. Leishmania is usually spread by the bite of the female sandfly. In addition, naïve populations can be exposed to Leishmania infection through transfusion of blood and blood products from infected asymptomatic individuals. There are several clinical forms of leishmaniasis caused by different species of the parasite. In some cases, the only possible cure for this disease is drug treatment. However, prolonged use of such drugs has led to parasite drug resistance. At present there are no effective vaccines against Leishmania. Many vaccine strategies have been pursued, including the use of whole cell lysate, killed, avirulent or irradiated parasites. Additionally, DNA vaccines and purified or recombinant parasite antigens have also been tested. Most of these strategies have shown some degree of effectiveness in animal models but little or no protection in humans. There is now a general consensus among Leishmania vaccine researchers that parasite persistence may be important for effective protective response and could be achieved by live attenuated parasite immunization. In this article we reviewed the efforts in developing genetically defined live attenuated Leishmania parasites as vaccine candidates with the goal of achieving a low level of parasite persistence without being virulent in the host and inducing protective immunity.